diff --git a/server/src/db/init.ts b/server/src/db/init.ts
index e5c02af..27b4bf3 100644
--- a/server/src/db/init.ts
+++ b/server/src/db/init.ts
@@ -12,19 +12,27 @@ async function columnExists(conn: mysql.Connection, table: string, column: strin
 }
 
 async function runMigrations(conn: mysql.Connection) {
+  console.log('[DB] Checking migrations...')
+
   // transactions 表添加 user_id
-  if (!await columnExists(conn, 'transactions', 'user_id')) {
+  const hasTxUserId = await columnExists(conn, 'transactions', 'user_id')
+  console.log(`[DB] transactions.user_id exists: ${hasTxUserId}`)
+  if (!hasTxUserId) {
     console.log('[DB] Migrating: adding user_id to transactions')
     await conn.query('ALTER TABLE transactions ADD COLUMN user_id INT NOT NULL DEFAULT 1 AFTER id')
     await conn.query('ALTER TABLE transactions ADD INDEX idx_user_date (user_id, date)')
     await conn.query('ALTER TABLE transactions ADD INDEX idx_user_type_date (user_id, type, date)')
+    console.log('[DB] transactions.user_id added')
   }
 
   // budgets 表添加 user_id
-  if (!await columnExists(conn, 'budgets', 'user_id')) {
+  const hasBudgetUserId = await columnExists(conn, 'budgets', 'user_id')
+  console.log(`[DB] budgets.user_id exists: ${hasBudgetUserId}`)
+  if (!hasBudgetUserId) {
     console.log('[DB] Migrating: adding user_id to budgets')
     await conn.query('ALTER TABLE budgets ADD COLUMN user_id INT NOT NULL DEFAULT 1 AFTER id')
     await conn.query('ALTER TABLE budgets ADD UNIQUE KEY uk_user_month (user_id, month)')
+    console.log('[DB] budgets.user_id added')
   }
 }
 
@@ -50,6 +58,7 @@ export async function initDatabase() {
     database: dbName,
     multipleStatements: true,
   })
+
   try {
     const schemaPath = join(__dirname, 'schema.sql')
     const seedPath = join(__dirname, 'seed.sql')
@@ -63,18 +72,23 @@ export async function initDatabase() {
     const seed = readFileSync(seedPath, 'utf-8')
     await initConn.query(seed)
 
-    // 运行迁移（添加缺失列）
-    await runMigrations(initConn)
-
-    console.log('[DB] Database initialized')
+    console.log('[DB] Schema and seed applied')
   } catch (err: any) {
     if (err.code === 'ER_DUP_ENTRY' || err.errno === 1062) {
       console.log('[DB] Already initialized, skipping seed')
-      await runMigrations(initConn)
     } else {
-      console.error('[DB] Init failed:', err.message)
+      console.error('[DB] Init warning:', err.message)
     }
-  } finally {
-    await initConn.end()
   }
+
+  // 始终运行迁移（独立于 schema/seed）
+  try {
+    await runMigrations(initConn)
+    console.log('[DB] Migrations complete')
+  } catch (err: any) {
+    console.error('[DB] Migration error:', err.message)
+  }
+
+  await initConn.end()
+  console.log('[DB] Database ready')
 }